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Source: http://sportspyder.com/teams/tampa-bay-rays/articles/5491855
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Over 65 million years North American mammal evolution has tracked with climate change
Over 65 million years North American mammal evolution has tracked with climate change
Tuesday, December 27, 2011History often seems to happen in waves ? fashion and musical tastes turn over every decade and empires give way to new ones over centuries. A similar pattern characterizes the last 65 million years of natural history in North America, where a novel quantitative analysis has identified six distinct, consecutive waves of mammal species diversity, or "evolutionary faunas." What force of history determined the destiny of these groupings? The numbers say it was typically climate change.
"Although we've always known in a general way that mammals respond to climatic change over time, there has been controversy as to whether this can be demonstrated in a quantitative fashion," said Brown University evolutionary biology Professor Christine Janis. "We show that the rise and fall of these faunas is indeed correlated with climatic change ? the rise or fall of global paleotemperatures ? and also influenced by other more local perturbations such as immigration events."
Specifically, of the six waves of species diversity that Janis and her Spanish collaborators describe online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, four show statistically significant correlations with major changes in temperature. The two transitions that show a weaker but still apparent correlation with the pattern correspond to periods when mammals from other continents happened to invade in large numbers, said Janis, who is the paper's senior and second author.
Previous studies of the potential connection between climate change and mammal species evolution have counted total species diversity in the fossil record over similar time periods. But in this analysis, led by postdoctoral scholar Borja Figueirido, the scientists asked whether there were any patterns within the species diversity that might be significant. They were guided by a similar methodology pioneered in a study of "evolutionary faunas" in marine invertebrates by Janis' late husband Jack Sepkoski, who was a paleontologist at the University of Chicago.
What the authors found is six distinct and consecutive groupings of mammal species that shared a common rise, peak and decline in their numbers. For example, the "Paleocene fauna" had largely given way to the "early-middle Eocene fauna" by about 50 million years ago. Moreover, the authors found that these transfers of dominance correlated with temperature shifts, as reflected in data on past levels of atmospheric oxygen (determined from the isotopes in the fossilized remains of deep sea microorganisms).
By the numbers, the research showed correlations between species diversity and temperature change, but qualitatively, it also provided a narrative of how the traits of typical species within each wave made sense given the changes in vegetation that followed changes in climate. For example, after a warming episode about 20 million years in the early Miocene epoch, the dominant vegetation transitioned from woodland to a savannah-like grassland. It is no surprise, therefore, that many of the herbivores that comprised the accompanying "Miocene fauna" had high-crowned teeth that allowed them to eat the foods from those savannah sources.
To the extent that the study helps clarify scientists' understanding of evolution amid climate changes, it does not do so to the extent that they can make specific predictions about the future, Janis said. But it seems all the clearer that climate change has repeatedly had meaningful effect over millions of years.
"Such perturbations, related to anthropogenic climatic change, are currently challenging the fauna of the world today, emphasizing the importance of the fossil record for our understanding of how past events affected the history of faunal diversification and extinction, and hence how future climactic changes may continue to influence life on earth," the authors wrote in the paper.
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Brown University: http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau
Thanks to Brown University for this article.
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Court rules against virginity tests for military prisoners in Egypt
Tuesday, December 27, 2011 - 3:02pm
NBC NATIONAL NEWS ? A court in Egypt has ruled against a controversial practice involving virginity tests in military prisons.
Hundreds of people cheered outside the courtroom after the ruling was announced. An Egyptian Civilian Court ordered the Army to end forced virginity tests on female detainees in military prisons.
The case was brought up by a woman who said the army forced her to take the test after she was arrested during a protest.
An Army official said the tests were given so that the military would not be accused later of raping the detainees.
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Franklin County community calendar
Tuesday, Dec. 27
Chambersburg
Meeting, Noontime Lions Club, noon, The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Shippensburg
Reins of Rhythm Riding and Horsemanship Program, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Fine Line Stable, 470 McCulloch Road; for ages 7 to 11; Anastasia Kissel at 504-3852 or Patience Groomes at 228-8037. Wednesday, Dec. 28
Shippensburg
Blood drive, noon to 6 p.m., Messiah United Methodist Church, 30 S. Penn St.
Thursday, Dec. 29
Chambersburg
Meeting, Chambersburg Rotary, 12:15 p.m., The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Greencastle
Blood drive, 1 to 7 p.m., First Assembly of God Church, 525 E. Leitersburg St.
Friday, Dec. 30
Mercersburg
Film, "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn," 7:30 p.m., Star Theatre, 23 W. Seminary St.; http://www.newstartheatre.com.
Saturday, Dec. 31
Chambersburg
Dinner/concert, with Randy Simpson, New Season, Mercy's Vessel and Cornerstone Quartet, 5:30 p.m. to midnight, Solomon's Evangelical Lutheran Church, 4856 Wayne Road. Tickets at door and Sunnyway Foods in Chambersburg and Greencastle; 264-5138.
Greencastle
Pork and sauerkraut meal, for ages 55 and older, noon, Camp Joy El, 3741 Joy El Drive; free; reservations required, call 369-4539 or e-mail info@joyel.org.
Mercersburg
Film,
"The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn," 7:30 p.m., Star Theatre, 23 W. Seminary St.; http://www.newstartheatre.com.Carillon recital, Charles Farris, midnight, Mercersburg Academy Chapel, 300 E. Seminary St. Shippensburg
Drop the Anchor, 7 p.m., downtown Shippensburg. Register at http://www.tinyurl.com/ShipNewYears.
2012
Sunday, Jan. 1
Cascade, Md.
Polar Plunge, 1 p.m., Lake Royer at Fort Ritchie; party at noon with bonfire, s'mores, hot chocolate and music; participants must raise money; those younger than 18 must have supervision by parents and a parent signature; (301) 241-5085.
Orrtanna
Pork and sauerkraut dinner, 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., Buchanan Valley Volunteer Fire Department, 1180 Buchanan Valley Road, Orrtanna; 677-9234.
Monday, Jan. 2
Chambersburg
Open house, noon to 5 p.m., Cumberland Valley Model Railroad Club, 440 Nelson St.; http://www.cvmrrc.com.
Tuesday, Jan. 3
Chambersburg
Breakfast, Chambersburg High School Class of 1959, 8:30 a.m., Johnnie's Family Restaurant, 679 S. Main St.; Brenda Roof at 263-9441.
Friday, Jan. 6
Hagerstown, Md.
Information session, 10 a.m., Elliott Center, Hagerstown Community College, 11400 Robinwood Drive; for active duty military, veterans interested in attending; Kevin Crawford at (240) 500-2412 or klcrawford@hagerstowncc.edu.
Saturday, Jan. 7
Chambersburg
Luncheon, Chambersburg High School Class of 1961, 11 a.m., Texas Lunch, 108 Lincoln Way West.; 261-0600.
Community drum circle, 6:30 p.m., Zion Reformed United Church of Christ, 259 S. Main St.; bring drums; use Liberty Street entrance; donations requested; Jeff Diller at 267-0413.
Dances of Universal Peace, 7:30 p.m., Zion Reformed United Church of Christ, 259 S. Main St.; use Liberty Street entrance; no partner or experience needed, wear comfortable clothing; donations requested; Jeff Diller at 267-0413.
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, 1 to 4 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Orrtanna
Seafood dinner, 6 p.m., Buchanan Valley Volunteer Fire Department, 1800 Buchanan Valley Road. For tickets, call 677-0870 or 677-9234.
Sunday, Jan 8
Chambersburg
Open house, noon to 5 p.m., Cumberland Valley Model Railroad Club, 440 Nelson St.; http://www.cvmrrc.com. ?
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, 1 to 4 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Monday, Jan. 9
Chambersburg
Meeting, AARP Chapter 2840, Falling Spring, 1:30 p.m., Bard Hall, Eugene C. Clarke Jr. Community Center, 235 S. Third St.; John Southwood at 263-1594.
Tuesday, Jan. 10
Chambersburg
Blood drive, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., Menno Haven's Menno Village, 2075 Scotland Ave.; for appointment, call 261-2507.
Meeting, Noontime Lions Club, noon, The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Meeting, Charles Nitterhouse Post 1599 Veterans of Foreign Wars Ladies Auxiliary, 7 p.m., Stoner's Restaurant, 615 Wayne Ave.; refreshments served at 6; Diana Alexiou at 263-3673.
Saturday, Jan. 14
Chambersburg
Breakfast, Chambersburg High School Class of 1962, 8 a.m., Greenvillage Drive-In Family Restaurant, 5440 Philadelphia Ave.
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, 1 to 4 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Sunday, Jan. 15
Chambersburg
Open house, noon to 5 p.m., Cumberland Valley Model Railroad Club, 440 Nelson St.; http://www.cvmrrc.com.
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, 1 to 4 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Tuesday, Jan. 17
Chambersburg
Meeting, St. Thomas Area Ruritan, 7 p.m., clubhouse, 3705 Lincoln Way West.
Thursday, Jan. 19
Fayetteville
Relay for Life kickoff, overnight fundraising event, 6 p.m., Norlo Park Community Center, 3050 Lincoln Way East; Jennifer Kessel at 264-6266 or jennifer.kessel@cancer.org.
Saturday, Jan. 21
Chambersburg
Workshop, "Year of the Dragon," 9:30 to 11:30 a.m., rooms 7 and 8, Agricultural Heritage Building, 185 Franklin Farm Lane. To register, call Jennifer Wetzel at 263-9226.
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, 1 to 4 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Sunday, Jan. 22
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, noon to 3 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Tuesday, Jan. 24
Chambersburg
Meeting, Noontime Lions Club, noon, The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Wednesday, Jan. 25
Hagerstown, Md.
AARP Driver Safety Program, 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., The Village of Robinwood, 19800 Tranquility Circle. To register, call Judy Brewer at (301) 790-0275, Ext. 220.
Friday, Jan. 27
Chambersburg
Annual joint meeting, Franklin County Cooperative Extension Association and Franklin County Conservation District, 7 p.m., Solomon's
Evangelical Lutheran Church, 4856 Wayne Road. Buy tickets by Jan. 20; 263-9226 or 264-5499.
Saturday, Jan. 28
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, 1 to 4 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Sunday, Jan. 29
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, 1 to 4 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Saturday, Feb. 4
Shippensburg
Soulful Saturday, 8 p.m., Knights of Columbus, 336 E. Garfield St. Register by Jan. 20 to 477-1616.
Saturday, Feb. 11
Chambersburg
Breakfast, Chambersburg High School Class of 1962, 8 a.m., Greenvillage Drive-In Family Restaurant, 5440 Philadelphia Ave.
Sunday, Feb. 12
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, noon to 3 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Tuesday, Feb. 14
Chambersburg
Meeting, Noontime Lions Club, noon, The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Sunday, Feb. 26
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, noon to 3 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Tuesday, Feb. 28
Chambersburg
Meeting, Noontime Lions Club, noon, The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Wilson College World Travel Film Series, "The Silk Road ...," 7 p.m., Thomson Hall's Alumnae Chapel, Wilson College. For tickets, call 262-2003.
Thursday, March 1
Greencastle
Hobo Minstrel show, "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling," 7:30 p.m., Greencastle-Antrim High School auditorium, 300 S. Ridge Ave.
Friday, March 2
Greencastle
Hobo Minstrel show, "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling," 7:30 p.m., Greencastle-Antrim High School auditorium, 300 S. Ridge Ave.
Saturday, March 3
Greencastle
Hobo Minstrel show, "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling," 7:30 p.m., Greencastle-Antrim High School auditorium, 300 S. Ridge Ave.
Saturday, March 10
Breakfast, Chambersburg High School Class of 1962, 8 a.m., Greenvillage Drive-In Family Restaurant, 5440 Philadelphia Ave.
Sunday, March 11
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, noon to 3 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Tuesday, March 13
Chambersburg
Meeting, Noontime Lions Club, noon, The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Sunday, March 25
Greencastle
Model railroad open house, noon to 3 p.m., residence of Leighton Scott, 594 Shannon Drive; 597-3902 or leescottdesign@gmail.com.
Tuesday, March 27
Chambersburg
Meeting, Noontime Lions Club, noon, The Orchards, 1580 Orchard Drive.
Saturday, March 31
Chambersburg
Wilson College Performing Arts Series, Baltimore Mandolin Orchestra, 7:30 p.m., Laird Hall, Wilson College. For tickets, call 262-2003.
Tuesday, April 3
Chambersburg
Wilson College World Travel Film Series, "Discovering the Dutch," 7 p.m., Thomson Hall's Alumnae Chapel, Wilson College. For tickets, 262-2003.
Saturday, April 14
Breakfast, Chambersburg High School Class of 1962, 8 a.m., Greenvillage Drive-In Family Restaurant, 5440 Philadelphia Ave.
Wednesday, April 15
Chambersburg
Van Looy Organ Series: Gordon Turk, 3 p.m., Alumnae Chapel, Thomson Hall, Wilson College. For tickets, call 262-2003 or e-mail specialevents@wilson.edu.
Friday, May 4
Chambersburg
Wilson College Performing Arts Series, J.D. Walter and the Steve Rudolph Trio, 7:30 p.m., Laird Hall, Wilson College. For tickets, call 262-2003.
Saturday, May 12
Breakfast, Chambersburg High School Class of 1962, 8 a.m., Greenvillage Drive-In Family Restaurant, 5440 Philadelphia Ave.
Saturday, June 9
Breakfast, Chambersburg High School Class of 1962, 8 a.m., Greenvillage Drive-In Family Restaurant, 5440 Philadelphia Ave.
Source: http://www.publicopiniononline.com/living/ci_19623093?source=rss
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Bridal-Show Outing for Two or Four to the Kalamazoo Wedding Affair on January 7 (Up to Half Off)
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Source: groupon.com --- Monday, December 26, 2011
A successful marriage, like tiger training, requires clear communication, positive reinforcement, and at least one pair of bite-proof gloves. Gather nuptial necessities with today's Groupon to the Kalamazoo Wedding Affair on Saturday, January 7, from 11 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. at the Rose Street Market. Choose between the following options: For $7, you get two tickets to the bridal show (up to an $14 value). For $14, you get four tickets to the bridal show (up to a $28 value). Heeding Kalamazoo brides? clarion calls, the best of west Michigan's Wedding vendors converge upon the Rose Street Market ?s elegant spaces to flaunt bridal wares and nuptial-related services. More than 40 exhibitors court discerning fianc?s and fianc?es looking for Wedding-day flourishes, displaying everything from entertainment options, such as photo booths and live music, to stationery samples. Soon-to-be-newlyweds and companions can enjoy cake tastings from Shabby Chic Cakes , or scour ShutterBooth for insider info on Wedding photos and the latest fads in facial contortions. Guests can also query local reception venues about potential spots for tucking in after jumping the broom. Kalamazoo Wedding Affair offers discounted tickets online before the event, but this Groupon still offers the best deal available. Groupon Says The Groupon Guide to: Classic Fast-Food Commercials Is there a monster who can feed my children? Read more... ...
Source: http://groupon.com/kalamazoo/deals/kalamazoo-wedding-affair-1
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Hundreds pack Bethlehem church for Christmas Mass
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Fouad Twal carries the statuette of baby Jesus during the Christmas midnight Mass at the Church of the Nativity, traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ, in the West Bank town of Bethlehem early Sunday, Dec. 25, 2011. (AP Photo/Majdi Mohammed, Pool)
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Fouad Twal carries the statuette of baby Jesus during the Christmas midnight Mass at the Church of the Nativity, traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ, in the West Bank town of Bethlehem early Sunday, Dec. 25, 2011. (AP Photo/Majdi Mohammed, Pool)
Nuns read prayers during the Christmas midnight Mass at the Church of the Nativity, traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ, in the West Bank town of Bethlehem early Sunday, Dec. 25, 2011. (AP Photo/Majdi Mohammed, Pool)
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas attends the Christmas midnight Mass at the Church of the Nativity, traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ, in the West Bank town of Bethlehem early Sunday, Dec. 25, 2011. (AP Photo/Majdi Mohammed, Pool)
Christian pilgrim prays during the Christmas midnight Mass at the Church of the Nativity, traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ, in the West Bank town of Bethlehem early Sunday, Dec. 25, 2011. (AP Photo/Majdi Mohammed, Pool)
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Fouad Twal leads the Christmas midnight Mass at the Church of the Nativity, traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ, in the West Bank town of Bethlehem early Sunday, Dec. 25, 2011. (AP Photo/Majdi Mohammed, Pool)
BETHLEHEM, West Bank (AP) ? Hundreds of Christian faithful, defying lashing rains and wind, celebrated Christmas Mass at Jesus' traditional birthplace on Sunday, spirits high despite the gloomy weather.
Worshippers dressed in their holiday best rushed under cover of umbrellas into St. Catherine's Church on Manger Square, leaving the plaza, with its 50-foot-tall (15-meter-tall) Christmas tree, deserted. The church was packed, and the overflow crowd waited eagerly in an arched corridor for a chance to enter.
Inside, supplicants, some dressed in the traditional attire of foreign lands, raised their voices in prayer, kissed a plaster statue of a baby Jesus and took communion. St. Catherine's is attached to the smaller Church of the Nativity, which is built over a grotto where devout Christians believe Jesus was born.
"Lots of pilgrims from around the world are coming to be here on Christmas," said Don Moore, 41, a psychology professor from Berkeley, Calif., who came to Bethlehem with his family. "We wanted to be part of the action. This is the place, this is where it all started. It doesn't get any more special than that."
With turnout at its highest in more than a decade, proud Palestinian officials said they were praying the celebrations would bring them closer to their dream of independence.
Bethlehem, like the rest of the West Bank, had fallen onto hard times after the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation broke out in late 2000.
Although civil affairs in the biblical town on Jerusalem's southeastern outskirts are run by Palestinian authorities, security control remains in the hands of Israel, which built a barrier around three sides of the town to keep Palestinian attackers out.
Palestinians say the barrier has badly hurt its economy, which depends heavily on tourism, by severely restricting movement in and out of the town.
But as the violence has subsided, tourists have returned in large numbers. An estimated 100,000 visitors streamed into Manger Square on Christmas Eve, up from 70,000 the previous year, according to the Israeli military's count.
With the barrier looming large over the celebrations in Bethlehem, Palestinians have tried to draw attention to their quest for an independent state with this year's Christmas slogan, "Palestine celebrating hope."
Late Saturday, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas told a meeting of Christian leaders that he is committed to reaching peace with Israel.
"I hope they will come back to their senses and understand that we are seekers of peace, not seekers of war or terrorism," said Abbas, a Muslim like most Palestinians. "The mosque, church and synagogue stand side by side in this Holy Land."
Israel had allowed about 500 members of Gaza's tiny Christian minority to travel through its territory to the West Bank to celebrate Christmas in Bethlehem. Most of Gaza's 3,000 Christians belong to the Greek Orthodox denomination, which celebrates Christmas next month.
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Top Gaming Disappointments of 2011 | N4G
[unable to retrieve full-text content]While most websites are getting together their top [enter random number here] gaming lists of 2011, I decided what better why to usher in a new year then to go over the list of disappointments from the gaming industry for the 2011 year. I doubt ...
Source: http://n4g.com/news/911253/top-gaming-disappointments-of-2011
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